Spatial and temporal variation in carbon isotope discrimination in prairie graminoids

We present the results of a 5-year examination of variation in the stable carbon isotope composition () of three C₃ graminoid species from a Sandhills prairie: Agropyron smithii, Carex heliophila and Stipa comata. Although consistent species-specific patterns for mean were seen, there was also significant and substantial among-year and within-season variation in . A smaller contribution to variation in came from topographic variation among sampling sites. Effects of species, year, season and topography contribute to variation in in an additive manner. An association between climate and exists that is consistent with previous work suggesting that reflects the interplay between photosynthetic gas exchange and plant water relations. Within the growing season, the time over which integrates plant response to the environment ranges from days to months.     

宁夏盐池长芒草草原和苜蓿人工草地水分利用研究

 本文用离体快速称重法对宁夏盐池长芒草天然草地和苜蓿人工草地的水分利用状况进行了比较研究。研究发现：很干旱的苜蓿草地具有较高的生物量,而在水分条件相对较好的长芒草草地中生产力却很低。苜蓿草地的蒸腾耗水量占蒸散量的86.9%,而长芒草草地中只占40.7%。水分利用强度苜蓿草地为137.32%,而长芒草草地为88.72%,而且有迹象表明,苜蓿草地的水分利用深度超过了180cm,而长芒草草地则保持在180cm范围之内。两草地的蒸腾效率在整个生长季中基本一致,而蒸散效率苜蓿草地为0.82‰,长芒草草地为0.54‰。经过一个生长季,苜蓿草地水分亏缺达-101.8mm,而长芒草草地为-17.6mm。     

本氏针茅根际土提取物对本氏针茅及其优势种种子萌发的影响

以本氏针茅及其优势种大针茅和百里香种子为受体,采用生物检测的方法研究了0(对照)、0.1、0.2和0.5g/mL本氏针茅根际土甲醇浸提液和水浸提液对3种受体种子萌发的影响,以探究草地演替过程中物种间的生态关系和化感作用的表现形式。结果显示:(1)甲醇浸提液对3种受体种子的发芽均有抑制作用;水浸提液对本氏针茅发芽有促进作用,对百里香有部分促进作用,而对大针茅有抑制作用。(2)甲醇浸提液对本氏针茅和大针茅胚根和胚芽生长无显著影响,而抑制百里香胚根和胚芽的生长;水浸提液对本氏针茅胚根生长无显著影响,对本氏针茅胚芽生长具有显著促进作用,而对其它两种受体胚根和胚芽均无显著影响。(3)各种浓度甲醇浸提液对大针茅和百里香生长表现出了化感综合抑制效应,对本氏针茅生长于0.2g/mL时表现出化感综合抑制效应,其它2种浓度(0.1、0.5g/mL)表现为化感综合促进效应;水浸提液对本氏针茅和百里香表现为化感综合促进效应,而对大针茅表现为化感综合抑制效应。研究表明,本氏针茅根际土甲醇浸提液和水浸提液的化感物质存在差异;不同受体对同一浸提液反应不同,同一受体对不同浸提液的反应也不同。     

刈割对克氏针茅草原群落优势与亚优势植物的影响

基于内蒙古中部克氏针茅草原长期刈割试验,分析了不同留茬高度下克氏针茅草原植物群落中5个优势及亚优势种地上生物量和群落稳定性的变化.结果表明：留茬高度在10 cm以上时对5种植物地上生物量的影响较小.留茬高度为10 cm适于冷蒿生长,而不利于克氏针茅的生长.糙隐子草在留茬高度为2 cm时表现最佳.黄囊苔草对群落的贡献在留茬高度为5 cm时最大,此时其生物量与刈割年限呈正相关.留茬高度为2和15 cm不利于星毛委陵菜生长.植株较高、竞争力强的多年生植物对干扰的耐受能力较强,刈割的留茬高度不低于10 cm时,有益于维持草原生态系统的稳定性.     

内蒙古中东部草原大针茅的种群遗传分化

对内蒙古中东部草原区分布的 11个大针茅 (Stipa grandis P. Smirn)地理种群进行了 RAPD分析。从 10 0个随机引物中筛选出 18个有效引物 ,共扩增出 2 2 1条 DNA带 ,多态性 DNA带 12 1条 ,占 5 4 .75 % ,平均每个引物扩增的 DNA带数为 12 .2 8条 ;特异性 DNA带 2 5条 ,占 11.31%。基于 Jaccard遗传相似性系数对此 2 2 1条 DNA带进行 U PGMA聚类分析 ,将 11个种群分为 3类 ,白音锡勒牧场的 8个种群聚为一类 ,林西种群和克什克腾种群两个种群聚为一类 ,阿巴嘎种群单独成为第 3类。用Mantel检验作进一步分析表明 ,在相对较大的尺度上 ,大针茅的遗传分化与地理距离相关极显著 (g>g0 .0 0 5) ;而在相对较小的尺度上 (白音锡勒牧场 8个种群 ) ,相关不显著 (gg0 .0 5)。     

Structural and Functional Grounds for Ephedra sinica Expansion in Mongolian Steppe Ecosystems

Morphological and structural characteristics of photosynthetic organs, diurnal changes in photosynthetic and transpiration rates, and the efficiency of water use were studied in three plant species from mountain-steppe ecosystems in Mongolia, Ephedra sinica Stapf, Stipa glareosa P. Smirn., and Allium polyrhizum Furcz. ex Regel. The species studied differed in the structural and functional mechanisms for the adaptation of photosynthetic apparatus to arid conditions. E. sinica has thick, vertical assimilating shoots, which are characterized by a high density (620 mg/cm³) and a small proportion of photosynthetic tissues (13%). The proportion of meso-phyll in the leaves of A. polyrhizum and S. glareosa was two and three times higher, respectively. The low content of phototrophic tissues in E. sinica shoot was compensated for by a high photosynthetic activity of single chloroplasts (25 mg CO₂/(10⁹ chloroplast h)), which was six times higher, than in two other species. Daily course of photosynthesis and transpiration inE. sinica differed from those of A. polyrhizum and S. glareosa by the absence of the midday depression. E. sinica had the highest efficiency of water use (45 mg CO₂/g H₂O) due to a low transpiration rate (0.25 g/g fr wt h). It is concluded that, in E. sinica, the main strategy for adaptation to arid stress is to develop in the shoot a few photosynthesizing cells of high assimilation activity. Such structural organization of photosynthetic organs in ephedra contributes to its higher efficiency of water use and stability of physiological characteristics under changing environmental conditions. These specific features of the structure of assimilating organs and their functional features contribute to a greater expansion of E. sinica with increasing climate aridization in Mongolia.     

荒漠草原建群种短花针茅功能性状对长期放牧的可塑性响应

植物功能性状反映了植物对生长环境的响应和适应,将环境、植物个体和生态系统结构、过程与功能联系起来,而放牧是草原生态系统的主要土地利用方式,对草原生态系统的群落结构和生态系统功能的改变起着重要作用。该研究测定了内蒙古四子王旗长期不同放牧强度下草原建群种短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)的功能性状,探讨放牧对草原群落结构的影响。研究发现:(1)随放牧强度增加,叶片各性状指标、个体生物量、植株高度、冠(丛)幅均有显著变小、变矮的趋势。(2)通过排序构建的短花针茅性状可塑性变化谱显示,各功能性状指标的可塑性指数均在重牧区最高,轻牧区最低;茎质量、叶质量、全株地上生物量对放牧响应敏感,而茎基部直径、冠(丛)幅和比叶质量响应不敏感。(3)短花针茅对长期放牧的变异系数(CV)与其响应程度(PI)之间符合指数方程y=0.08+0.18e~(1.61 x)(R~2=0.53,P0.05),植物功能性状的变异性与性状对放牧的响应强度呈正相关关系。(4)影响地上生物量的因子中,表型功能性状中的冠(丛)幅、平均叶长、叶片数量和总叶面积的贡献率之和达到72.93%。研究认为,随着放牧强度增强,短花针茅的变异性增大、可塑性增强,这可能是短花针茅能够成为建群种的生态响应机制。     

高寒草原优势种叶片结构变化与生态因子的关系

 为了揭示青藏高原高寒草原优势物种青藏苔草（Carex moorcroftii）和紫花针茅（Stipa purpurea）对高原特殊环境的适应性,该文研究了 它们的叶片结构在自然环境梯度下的变化以及这些变化与生态因子之间的关系。结果表明：这两个物种叶片的大多数结构特征在各个样地间变 化显著,其结构特征与环境因子间存在显著的相关关系。紫花针茅叶肉细胞大小随土壤有效K含量的增高而减小,下表皮细胞厚度和韧皮部面积 随生长季云盖度的增高而增加,单一导管半径和导管平均面积随生长季月均湿度的增加而增大;青藏苔草上表皮细胞厚度随生长季月均最低温 的降低而增厚,泡状细胞厚度（径向直径）随大陆度的增强而增加,上表皮细胞大小随土壤pH值的增大而增大,导管总数和韧皮部面积随土壤 速效P含量的增高而增加。青藏苔草的保护组织、光合组织以及综合指标变异系数明显大于紫花针茅,仅维管组织指标变异系数小于紫花针茅。     

Effects of sheep urine on growth characteristics of different life form plants in a Chinese steppe grassland

The effects of sheep urine deposition volume (0, 1, 2 or 4 L/m²) and deposition stage of plant growth (vegetative or reproductive) on the number and size of tillers/branches and the biomass of Stipa bungeana, Artemisia capillaries and Lespedeza davurica in a Chinese steppe grassland were determined. The results indicate that the response of the three plant species to sheep urine deposition differs, and is influenced by both urine deposition volume and deposition stage of plant growth. Urine deposition had a short-term scorch effect on grassland plants, which mainly occurred in the inner zone of urine patches. Urine application had a long-term positive effect on S. bungeana and a long-term negative effect on A. capillaries and L. davurica, which lasted at least two years and decreased with decrease in urine deposition volume. All species growing in the inner zone of urine patches were scorched by sheep urine deposition, some species in the marginal zone of patches were also scorched, while no species were scorched in the outer zones. The reproductive and vegetative stages of A. capillaries and the reproductive stages of S. bungeana and L. davurica were sensitive to sheep urine deposition.     

克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)草原土壤呼吸及其影响因子

基于LI6400-09便携式光合作用测量系统的土壤呼吸观测系统对内蒙古克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)草原2005年5月至9月的土壤呼吸作用的测定结果,研究了克氏针茅草原土壤呼吸速率的日、生长季动态及其控制因子.结果表明,在生长季节,克氏针茅草原土壤呼吸速率的日季动态均呈单峰型变化;日最大值和最小值分别出现在10:00～13:00和凌晨4:00左右;生长季日均最大值(0.14mgCO2m-2s-1)出现在6月份,日均最小值(0.03mgCO2m-2s-1)出现在8月份.在日尺度上,随着生长期的变化,控制土壤呼吸作用的环境因子有所不同;在生长初期和末期土壤呼吸速率的限制因子主要为总辐射,而在生长中期,控制因子则为气温和土壤含水量.在整个生长季的尺度上,极显著影响土壤呼吸作用的环境因子则为土壤含水量(0～10cm、10～20cm、20～30cm)、总辐射和气温.约有72%的土壤呼吸作用生长季变异是由表层土壤含水量和总辐射共同决定的,其中0～10cm土壤含水量是影响克氏针茅草原土壤呼吸作用在生长季节变化的主导环境因子,可以单独解释土壤呼吸作用变异的51%.